The relationship between smoking and periodontal disease

Background: Smoking is a serious risk factor for many diseases. The determining of smoking asa harmful habit among young people is very important. The analysis of the research findingsshowed that smoking had a negative effect on oral hygiene. Smoking is especially harmful to theperiodontal tissues. The periodontal lesions were more prevalent and severe among young menwho smoke. The association between smoking and attachment loss is even stronger when thedefinition of periodontitis is restricted to the most severely affected subjectsMethods: A literature search was conducted in the databases PubMed, EMBASE, Medline andCochrane, up to ۲۰۲۲. Original observational articles that estimated relevance between tobaccosmoking and dental caries in adults were included.Results: This article reviews the effects of smoked and smokeless tobacco on periodontal status,including the impact of smoking on periodontal therapy and potential mechanisms for the adverseeffects of tobacco on the periodontium. Approximately half of periodontitis cases have beenattributed to either current or former smoking. Both cigar and cigarette smokers have significantlygreater loss of bone height than nonsmokers.Evidence from cross-sectional and case-controlstudies in various populations demonstrates that adult smokers are approximately three times aslikely as non-smokers to have periodontitis. Smokers have a diminished response to periodontaltherapy and show approximately half as much improvement in probing depths and clinicalattachment levels following non-surgical and various surgical modalities of therapy. Tobaccoinducedalterations in microbial and host factors contribute to these deleterious effects of smokingon the periodontium. In longitudinal studies, the rate of periodontal disease progression isincreased in smokers, but decreases to that of a non-smoker following tobacco cessation.Conclusion: Some data indicates that smoking may increase levels of certain periodontalpathogens, but there is more evidence that smoking has a negative effect on host response, such asneutrophil function and antibody production. An encouraging finding is that periodontal diseaseprogression slows in patients who quit smoking and that these individuals have a similar responseto periodontal therapy as nonsmokers. The facts presented in this lecture will assist dental healthprofessionals in treatment-planning decisions and provide them with important information toshare with patients who use tobacco products.Data regarding the impact of smoking on periodontal status included in this review will be helpfulto dental health professionals as they counsel their patients regarding tobacco use.

کلیدواژه ها:

Smoking ، Periodontal Disease ، Tobacco