The relationship between the age of Gardasil vaccine (HPV) injection and the amount of secreted antibodies

Introduction:Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a virus that is transmitted mostly during sexual intercourse and through direct contact between people's skin. There are more than ۱۰۰ different types of HPV. Most men and women who have this infection are unaware of it because they do not develop symptoms or health problems. But in some cases, certain types of HPV can cause abnormal, non-cancerous lumps on the skin (warts) or genital warts in different parts of the body. In other cases, certain types of HPV can cause precancerous lesions or cancer. Approximately ۶۰ types of HPV have the ability to cause common warts, which appear on certain areas of the body, such as the hands and feet. About ۴۰ of these viruses are called "genital" HPVs, which may cause genital warts. These viruses are spread from person to person when genitals come into contact, usually during vaginal or anal sex. This virus can also be transmitted through oral sex. HPV is the most common sexually transmitted disease. Genital types of HPV can infect the female genital area, including the vulva, the inside of the vagina, and the cervix, as well as the male genital area, including the male penis. In both women and men, genital HPV can infect the anus and some areas of the head and neck. Sometimes "low-risk" strains of genital HPV, most notably HPV-۶ and HPV-۱۱, can cause genital warts or lesions on or around these sites. The size, shape, and number of these lumps can vary, and these lumps rarely lead to cancer. Certain types of genital HPV are more likely to cause cancer, and these types are called "high-risk" HPVs. Usually, the immune system of a woman or a man infected with low-risk or high-risk HPV gets rid of this infection and the virus does not cause harm. But in some people, there is a permanent (permanent) infection that slowly, often over several years, causes changes in normal cells that may lead to precancerous lesions or cancer. Cancers associated with HPV include mouth and tongue cancer, penile cancer, and cervical cancer. The human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccine is used to prevent infection caused by the human papilloma virus. Three vaccines are available to prevent some types of HPV: Gardasil, Gardasil ۹, and Cervarix; All three protect against primary infection with HPV types ۱۶ and ۱۸, which cause most HPV cancers.Gardasil also protects against HPV types ۶ and ۱۱, which cause ۹۰% of genital warts. While Cervarix is bivalent and is made from virus-like particles (VLPs) of the L۱ capsid protein, Gardasil ۹ is unrealistic, having the potential to prevent about ۹۰% of cervical, vulvar, vaginal, and anal cancers. It can protect against HPV types ۶, ۱۱, ۱۶, ۱۸, ۳۱, ۳۳, ۴۵, ۵۲, and ۵۸. The last five account for up to ۲۰% of previously undiagnosed cervical cancers. The first HPV vaccine was produced and released in ۲۰۰۶. As of March ۲۰۱۷, ۷۱ countries included it in the routine vaccination schedule for girls and ۱۱ for boys. These vaccines were included in the list of essential drugs of the World Health Organization, which is a list of the most important drugs recommended in a basic health system. Vaccination may be cost-effective in developing countries. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommendsthat the HPV vaccine be included in the vaccination program in countries. This vaccine should be taken in two or three doses depending on the age of the person. It is recommended to vaccinate boys and girls between the ages of ۱۱ and ۴۵. The age of Gardasil injection is recommended for women between ۹ and ۲۶ years old. Cervical cancer screening is necessary after vaccination. Vaccination of a large part of the population may also benefit the unvaccinated. Vaccination will not have any effect on people who are infected, but it prevents the possibility of contracting other types of HPV virus that they have not been infected with, so it is useful. The range of side effects of these vaccines ranges from redness and pain at the injection site to anaphylactic shock. The most common systemic side effect of genital warts vaccine is headache. Vaccination during pregnancy should be avoided.Method: The current review by searching in reliable books and useful databases such as Scopus, Elsevier, PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Mag Iran, Iran Dog, Iran Medex in the years ۲۰۱۲ to ۲۰۲۲ with keywords such as HPV, papilloma virus human, Gardasil, antibody and genital wart vaccine were performed.Findings: In a study, they compared the effect of Gardasil in people aged ۲۷ to ۴۵ years with younger people aged ۱۶ to ۲۶ years, in which the amount of antibodies secreted by the vaccine was higher in younger people and the effectiveness of the vaccine was higher. Studies show that the vaccine is more effective in younger girls than in older girls. So England, Switzerland, Mexico, the Netherlands and Quebec started offering the vaccine to girls under ۱۵ in ۲۰۱۴. According to what was said, the emphasis of the Center for Disease Control and Prevention is on vaccination before starting sexual activity in all girls and boys. Doctors recommend that it is better to inject Gardasil vaccine before marriage and sexual activity. People who are married and have sex can also inject this vaccine, and there is no restriction for injecting it. This vaccine is injected in three times and protects the body for up to ۸ years.Conclusion: The younger the vaccine is injected, the more antibodies will be produced and the stronger the immune system will be in fighting HPV. The only sure way to prevent HPV and other STDs is to avoid unprotected sex. Gardasil vaccine is one of the approved and valid vaccines to prevent high-risk types of HPV virus. This vaccine is injected into the muscle in three doses of ۰.۵ ml within ۶ months. The second injection is done ۱ month or ۲ months after the first one, and the third injection is done ۴ months after the second injection (zero, one (two), six). After three months from the first day of the vaccine, the effect of the vaccine has been established.

کلیدواژه ها:

Human papilloma virus (HPV) ، Gardasil vaccine ، antibodies ، genital warts