SARS-CoV-۲ and The Impact of COVID-۱۹ on MaleReproductive Health and Implications on The Use of ART

More than two years after the World Health Organization(WHO) declared the new coronavirus disease (COVID-۱۹) apandemic, one of the mos t intriguing unsolved ques tions is thehigher disease burden for males, including hospitalization inintensive care units (ICUs) and death, by the new acute respiratorysyndrome coronavirus ۲ (SARS-CoV-۲). Unlike previousbeta coronavirus, this new entity spreads s trategically in silencefor more extended periods before clinically symptomaticand eventual identification. Recently, a s tudy containing dataon common metabolic disorders, hospitalizations and diseaseprevalence by age, sex, and ethnicity reported that worse COVID-۱۹ outcomes are associated with four underlying medicalconditions: obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and heart failure. Ata firs t glance, such outcomes might look like those from otheracute infections or chronic health conditions, where male-sexissues represent trigger-points for poor prognosis. His toricallymen take less care of their own health than women, particularlyin countries with high socioeconomic inequalities, wherethe workload and socio-cultural values impact men’s self-careawareness. Our population-based s tudy determined the role ofthe male sex as a risk factor for COVID-۱۹ deaths in Sao Paulo,and to what extent socioeconomic vulnerability and individualhealth issues can interfere with such a risk. The COVID-۱۹manifes ts mainly by respiratory symptoms. However, as thepandemic progressed, this paradigm has changed as cumulativeevidence has shown that COVID-۱۹ is a sys temic condition.Therefore, unders tanding multiple organs' involvement is crucialto comprehend SARS-CoV-۲ infection's pathophysiologyfully. It is believed that the sys temic involvement is because ofangiotensin-converting enzyme ۲ (ACE۲), the cell surface receptorfor the SARS-CoV-۲, and the transmembrane serine protease۲ (TMPRSS۲), responsible for priming the viral S proteinto facilitate the virus’s entry, are present in various organs andtissues. The Nucleocapsid s tructural viral protein is remarkablyimmunogenic and hugely expressed during infection. High IgGantibodies agains t Nucleocapsid protein levels were detected inthe serum of COVID-۱۹ patients, confirming its pivotal antigenrole for a T lymphocyte response in a vaccine microenvironment.Our hitherto s tudy evaluates his tological changes in rats'tes tes, epididymis, pros tate, and seminal vesicles and analyzeshormone levels after solely Nucleocapsid protein inoculation.Conclusively, our data sugges ts tes ticular hormonal imbalancemediated by the SARS-CoV-۲ Nucleocapsid protein that couldbe linked to reported pos t-COVID-۱۹ syndrome hypogonadism.Recognizing the expression throughout the human body is essentialto unders tand the clinical manifes tations and predict potentiallesions in organs often overlooked, that includes the testisand the spermatozoa as well as the ovary and the oocyte onthe other side, which directly leads to the ques tion of whetherthe embryo might be at risk, in special after assis ted reproductivetechniques, where a few thousand or even one single spermis used for fertilization.