OMICS approaches towards deeper insight into cellular processes: genome projects and decoding the genomic and transcriptomic data

Cellular processes are controlled at various levels and consequent of a series of hierarchical processes related to genome, transcriptome, proteome and metabolome ultimately determines the phenotype of an organism. The ultimate aim of genomics and transcriptomics is to identify the structure and function of all the genes of all organisms. In recent years, the emergence of new high- throughput technologies such as Next generation Sequencing (NGS) along with various OMICS approaches has revolutionized molecular biology. Complete genome sequences will provide powerful tools for biologists. The sequences will aid in understanding how gene families have been created, amplified, and diverged, resulting in the creation of new biological activities and specificities. The gene content of related species can be compared to identify which pathways are shared among many species and which are restricted to some parts of the kingdom. The new tools and approaches that are available for investigating gene structure and function have been steadily developed over the past ۲۰ years. Today the molecular tools include various cloning systems like GateWay and TOPO cloning, micro array, highthroughput Next Generation Sequencing, and mass spectroscopy (MS) which led to a great revolution in biology along with gene and genome editing approaches like CRISPR-Cas۹. The application of these methodologies results in the generation of very large amounts of data i.e. data tsunami that need to be stored, processed and analysed. On the other hand, these challenges led to the development of various bioinformatics algorithms and it has made the computational biology and big data more prominent. The wealth of data generated by high throughput methodologies will advance our understanding of gene structure and function. In addition, the abilityto change gene expression in vivo, by using insertional mutagenesis, RNA interference, or other silencing mechanisms, will be crucial in determining the specific function of a particular gene. Therefore, at the present time, techniques are available to identify a specific phenotype. In the past the genome projects were limited to a few organisms such as Arabidopsis, human, rice and wheat, while, with the advent of Next and Next-Next Generation Sequencing technologies, complete sequences of genomes and transcriptoms of many organisms have been released in shorter intervals.

کلیدواژه ها:

Databases ، Gene network ، Big data ، Computational biology ، Algorithm