Studying relationship of drug abuse with concentrations of cadmium, chromium, and lead in smokers and non-smokers under auspices of Behjoo Center, Tehran, 2019

Smoking is responsible for the death of 1 out of 10 adults. Smokers are exposed to gaseous (such as nitrogen and carbon monoxide) and particulate agents (tar and nicotine). Tobacco and drinking water are considered among the human-made resources of exposure to cadmium, group I carcinogen, lead-enhancing delta-aminolevulinic- acid dehydrase in urine, and chromium, pulmonary carcinogen. This descriptive-analytical research aims to examine the relationship of drug abuse with the concentrations of cadmium, lead, and chromium among smokers and non-smokers under the auspices of Behjoo Center, Tehran, in 2019, by sampling. This was a descriptive-analytical study on smokers and non-smokers under the auspices of Behjoo Center, Tehran, on May 2019, via questionnaire and testing. The sample size was 30 (case-control sampling method). The collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire that was completed in the center. The questionnaire included demographic variables(11 items), history of drug use(17 items), information on the history of highrisk behaviors(5 areas and 21 items), medical and psychiatric background(5 items), screening for psychiatric disorders(2 areas and 10 items), family status(12 items), and previous treatment(5 items) and was completed by the individuals. The collected information was analyzed in SPSS 21. To achieve the research objectives, paired t-test and Chi-square tests with the significance level of 0.05 were used. Mean concentrations of cadmium, chromium, and lead in the control group at Behjoo Center were obtained equal to 4.3±2.2(2.4-4.9), 4.5±2.1(4.9-2.6), and 14.4±3.2(7.9-16.9) (ppb), respectively. Mean urinary concentrations of cadmium, chromium, and lead in the patient group at Behjoo Center were obtained as 36.5±6.3(26.4-49.5), 38.3±6.5 (29.1-52.4), and 46.1±7.2(32.2-56.3), respectively. Mean age of the control and patient groups was equal to 33.4±58.5(21-50) and 31.5±57.5(52-20). The mean urinary concentration of cadmium in the patients was 20 times higher than the global NIOSH standards. Mean concentration of cadmium in the urine of the patients was about 740% higher than that of the control group. Therefore, it is essential to include the dangers of smoking and drug abuse in the educational planning of all educational stages.

کلیدواژه ها:

Addiction ، Behjoo Center ، Chrumium ، Cigarettes ، Lead ، Urinary Cadmium ،