Cluster Headache

سال انتشار: 1398
نوع سند: مقاله کنفرانسی
زبان: انگلیسی
مشاهده: 406

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شناسه ملی سند علمی:

HEADACHC06_010

تاریخ نمایه سازی: 21 اردیبهشت 1399

چکیده مقاله:

Cluster headache (CH), has been known as the most common form of trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias. This type of headache affects around one in 1000 in the world. CH exerts with high attack frequency, an extremely severe pain, and concomitant autonomic symptoms, that all make its treatment more necessary. Two main types of CH include episodic CH and chronic CH. Episodic CH occurs in clusters, typically lasts 6-12 weeks one time a year or two years, and then remits until the next cluster. Chronic CH, which continues with only brief or even no remission periods, is less common but highly debilitating. Thus, chronic CH could be considered as a refractory to treatment headache. It is of note that CH is poorly diagnosed and recognized. Thus, the diagnosis delay may result in suboptimal treatment. Proper diagnosis and recognition in primary care level is pivotal to ensure prompt referral. Although it not always achievable, the main goal in CH treatment include suppression of attacks totally.The current guidelines of AHS and EHF on CH diagnosis and treatment has been described here.According to AHS guidelines sumatriptan subcutaneous, zolmitriptan nasal spray, and high flow oxygen have been considered as the acute treatments with a Level A recommendation. Also, use of sphenopalatine ganglion stimulation was considered as a Level B treatment recommendation. Nasal spray of lidocaine and subcutaneous Octreotide have received Level C recommendation. Regarding transitional treatment of CH, the only treatment with Level A recommendation is suboccipital steroid injections. According to AHS guidelines, verapamil has been considered as the first line maintenance prophylactic treatment for CH though it has been given only a Level C recommendation. Therefore, for CH maintenance prophylaxis, lithium and verapamil have the highest evidence. Comparison of the onset latency of verapamil and lithium revealed a shorter latency period with verapamil, that might represent a major advantage.Warfarin, lithium, verapamil and melatonin have been given Level C recommendation for maintenance therapy; however, due to the negative evidence for sodium valproate, this drug has been introduced as probably ineffective treatment for CH.Based on the latest EHF guideline, CH acute therapies include subcutaneous sumatriptan 6 mg that is regarded as the only proven highly-effective acute drug for CH. However, sumatriptan should not be used for more than twice a day. The other proposed acute medications is Oxygen 100% at ≥7 l/min for up to 15 min. In addition, prednisolone 60-80 mg od for 2-4 days, discontinued by dose reduction over 2-3 weeks proposed for bridge therapy. The first line prophylactic medication for CH in EHF guideline is verapamil 240-960 mg/d. Lithium carbonate 600-1600 m/d, is the other proposed prophylaxis in CH. Also, combination drug therapy may be effective but it is important that neurologist should balance the efficacy against toxicity of CH prophylactic drugs. Prophylaxis of episodic CH should be started as early as possible following a new cluster bout initiation and 2 weeks after full remission should be discontinued via tapering. While in terms of chronic CH, treatments may need to be continued long-term.

نویسندگان

Mansoureh Togha

Professor of Neurology Headache Department, Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran