Islamic architecture in Afghanistan Looking at Afghan architectural styles مقاله چاپ شده در مجله science publishing در امریکا

بخش سوم 

مقاله چاپ شده در مجله science publishing در امریکا

- Islamic architecture

Islamic art is considered one of the glorious eras of art history and one of the most valuable human achievements in the field of art and includes various types of art such as architecture, calligraphy, painting, ceramics, and the like. Islamic architecture is a style of architecture that was created under the influence of Islamic culture and has its characteristics. [25]

The architecture of Islamic countries has been influenced by the ideology of Islam for a certain period and therefore they have some common features. The period of the architecture of the Islamic world can be considered from the early years of the rise of Islam to before the general spread of modern architecture. However, this scope and impactful role in architecture cannot be considered the same in all regions. As an example, such a role was created in Egypt in the year 924 (lunar). The most brilliant and strongest civilizations in history have one aspect in common, which means that the originality of art has had a special sanctity for them. The basic criterion for evaluating ancient civilizations is their architecture. The architectural works of the Middle East, each inspired by the atmosphere and architectural style of their land, are fascinating. Eastern architecture has more popular features than Western architecture. The rich culture of the East and the principle of the family in the East have been the main focus of architecture. "Islamic architecture is one of the greatest manifestations of the emergence of an artistic truth in the material body. Historically, architecture is considered the first art that was able to adapt itself to Islamic concepts and was welcomed by Muslims. Islamic architecture can be recognized as one of the most successful architectural methods in the history of world architecture. In a comprehensive view, one can recognize a valuable and dynamic continuity in Islamic buildings, which has caused all of them to be placed next to each other in a single format called Islamic architecture. Islamic architecture in Afghanistan is influenced by two main parts; [26]

1. One outside of Afghanistan's native culture, type of architecture and system

2. The second belongs to the architectural culture and urban planning of Afghanistan before Islam

For example, the types of arches and domes, stone and clay walls that were before Islam, and the plans and engineering of schools, schools, houses, and palaces related to different eras such as Hephtalian, Sassanian, and Ilkhanid. In the field of architectural decorations of the Slay period, the art of tiling goes back to the Achaemenid and Elam eras (645 BC) and plastering goes back to the Sassanid era. With the beginning of the Islamic period, traditional colors and designs, tiling, and mirror work reached their peak. [27]

Afghanistan has been and is the crossroads of civilizations and has acquired many techniques and arts from the civilizations of the East and West, Mesopotamia, and Assyria, and the peak of these arts was in the Islamic period. The researchers of the history of Islamic art and architecture think that in the face of the increasing urbanization of society in the second to eleventh centuries, early Islamic jurists defined the nature and components of the building in the urban context, determined the rights and benefits of the building, and defined the private and public spheres. paid, that they deduced these definitions from the tradition of the Prophet (PBUH) and also the customs of their time, and the first Islamic habitats also developed between these two poles.

Undoubtedly, the building of mosques can be considered the main foundation of Islamic architecture. As the name of this style of architecture shows, the emergence of this style became popular with the advent of Islam and its influence on architecture, and its manifestations can be seen in mosques, tombs, palaces, and forts. One of the first manifestations of this art can be mentioned in the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem. which was built in the 6th century AD and had tiles with blue, green, and gold motifs of flowers, bates, and crowns.

At the site of the Second Temple in Jerusalem. Muslims believe that this place was the place from which the Prophet of Islam ascended to heaven. At the end of the 7th century and the beginning of the 8th century, the use of plaster art in architecture reached its peak, an example of which can be found in the Sahara Palace in Jordan today. Islamic art also left examples with the change of the capital of the Abbasid empire to Baghdad and then to Samarra. Among them, we can mention the great mosque of Samarra, whose minarets are exemplary.

The architectural art of Iran during the Sassanid era until before the 10th century AD is an example of the heyday of Islamic architectural art, which also influenced the surrounding countries such as Syria. Samarra Grand Mosque is one of the famous mosques of the Abbasid caliphate in the city of Samarra, Iraq, It was built in the year 237 of the lunar year / 852 AD, and its most famous structure is its minaret, which is known as al-Malwiyya (meaning: twisting, twisting). [28]

The Samara Grand Mosque was built during the Abbasid era, and its spiral minaret is one of its most important features. With a height of 53 meters, this minaret is considered one of the tallest minarets in the Islamic world. With the expansion of the Muslim territory to Spain and North Africa, Islamic architecture became effective in these countries, and architects with the style of Islamic architecture began to build buildings in these areas, and an example of that is the Hasnain Mosque in Cairo, where good examples of Islamic architecture are visible.

Some researchers such as Professor Wilber believe that the implementation of any architectural design depends on three social elements.

First, the society that needs that plan;

Second, the person or persons who support the implementation of the plan and undertake its financial cost;

Third, the architect or master workers who implement the plan.

The study of Islamic architecture shows how it has expanded over the past fifteen centuries. In each period, buildings with different characteristics were created in villages, cities, caravan roads, desert areas, mountain passes, and coastal cities, which had different uses. The importance of Islamic architecture is revealed when we know that in the constructions of this period, attention was paid to the material and spiritual use of buildings, which is one of its most important features. To understand the importance of these features in the development of architecture, it is appropriate to classify the buildings of the Islamic period and specify their use. In general, the buildings of the Islamic period can be divided into two main groups: a) religious buildings. including mosques, tombs, schools, hussainiyah, takayas, and mosques; b) Non-religious buildings. Including bridges, palaces, caravanserais, baths, markets, castles and water reservoirs.

6- Afghan architectural styles: [29]

In this section, for the first time in the history of Afghanistan and after 15 years of research and authoring dozens of articles and books and speaking with professionals and stylists in different countries, I am announcing Afghan architectural styles. This division is based on the author's opinion and 15 years of design and research experience. It should be mentioned that detailed and complete explanations and reasons for it are written in a book with the same name that will be published soon. Afghan architecture can be divided into the following two general parts: [30]

1. The era before Islam 2. The era after Islam

1-6 Periods before Islam

Afghan architectural styles are divided into the following seven styles:

1. Balkh style

2. Bakhtar style

3. Kushani style

2-6 Periods after Islam

4. Khorasani style (Kabul Shahs or Ratbil Shahs, Hindu Shahs, Arabs, Tahirs, Safaris, Samanis, Seljuks and Ghaznavids)

5. The Timurid style (including Ghorians, Khwarezmshahians, Ilkhanians, Al-Kurts, Kayans, Chaghtais, Timurids, Safavids)

6. Amani style (including the reign of Ahmad Shah Durrani Mohammad Nader Shah until the period of Zahir Shah)

7. Modern style (including from the period of Zahir Shah onwards)

6-3 The main elements of Islamic architecture

Every building of the Islamic period, whether it is a religious building, such as a mosque and a school, or a non-religious one, such as a caravanserai and palaces, consists of various spaces, and sometimes a new space may be added as an addition to other buildings; For example, a minaret or a minaret in a mosque or school, which is a part of the building and is used separately.

6-4 Construction and decoration methods in architecture

Undoubtedly, the creation of buildings, both religious and non-religious complexes, required knowledge of sciences such as geometry, mathematics, and design, and master craftsmen have been able to create masterpieces in the art of architecture through the use of science for many centuries. Unfortunately, in the historical texts of the Islamic period, there are not many important materials and images about how the buildings were created. The only notable examples are two paintings attributed to Behzad, dated 872 AH, in Zafarnameh and Khamsa Nizami. These paintings are currently kept at the Hopkins University in the United States, and in them, the construction of the Timur Grand Mosque as well as the Khornaq Palace are depicted in miniature. In these paintings, to a certain extent, the decorations and tools and tools and tools of that time, such as scaffolding, wooden sacks, saws, rulers, shovels, axes, trowels, ladders, etc., as well as building materials such as stone, clay, plaster, Mortar and tiles and the stages of construction are shown. Islamic historians such as Bayhaqi, Ibn Khaldun and Khwaja Rashid al-Din have written useful materials about architecture and architects; Among other things, they have written that the architects were aware of mathematical and geometrical sciences, and in the construction of buildings, they used design and drawing before anything else. Farabi, the great philosopher, says that architecture is based on the science of trickery, and trickery is skill, art, and technique, which is shown by elaborate and artistic work in geometric shapes. Geometry was the basis of architecture, and a very skilled architect and master was called an engineer, which means a geometrician. A part of the book Miftah al-Hasab written by Jamshid Kashi, a mathematician and astronomer of the Timurid era, is dedicated to architecture, and in that part, he discusses the methods of building arches, domes, and moqrans. Among the types of arches, he describes, some can be found in Timurid buildings. Sight:

6-4-1 Stairs: The staircase is not considered an important architectural work, but it is an important part of the architecture, for example, spiral staircases in minarets of mosques or stairs to tehkovis or roofs.

6-4-2 Underground (Tehkovi): many tombs are the main burials of religious or political figures that were built under the first house. Since the first house should have a place for pilgrimage or religious ceremonies, it is usually the place of the main grave in Tehkovi. From the 8th century onwards, it became common to install wooden shrines on graves as a symbol. Inlaid wooden chests bear the names of many artistic woodworkers.

6-4-3 The role of the dome in architecture: The dome is one of the types of covers that can be used to cover the roof of a place. So, first of all, it has a completely structural application. The non-flat cover has various types, such as the dome and other types of covers in which arcs and other curves are used. Geometrically, the dome is created from the period of an arc around the vertical axis. To cover a space, either flat covers or arched covers should be used. To use the flat cover, the architect needs a beam, which is a horizontal element to transfer the forces of the roof. [31]

It is mentioned from several different places as the first places where curved covers were used. Including an eight-thousand-year-old Neolithic village in Cyprus, Kaldeh in Mianrodan and present-day Iraq, as well as areas of Nuristan, Balkh city in Afghanistan, and in Egypt and southern Iran around Shush and Haft Tepeh. The dome in Herat city has reached the peak of its development. With the arrival of Alexander the Great and the encounter between the ancient Greek civilization and the oriental architecture, Gandhar became twice as beautiful, and in Islamic architecture, the peak of mystical art and beauty was added to it. Except for the construction capabilities of the dome, which can be used to cover architectural spaces in areas where the necessary materials such as wood are not available; Its ability to create free and large interior spaces can be mentioned. The use of wooden beams to cover the roof also brought this limitation that rows of columns close to each other should be used to pass the beams. That is, because the length of the wooden beams could not be more than a certain limit, so it was necessary to erect a large number of columns to support them. During the Parthian period and then the Sassanid era, the use of arches and domes became more popular and important innovations were made in this field.

In Herat Citadel, Kabul Citadel, and Jalalabad Citadel, we see several large halls created using large arches. Byzantine architecture, characterized by its round arches, vaults and domes, had an important influence on early Islamic architecture. Many forms of mosques have emerged in different regions of the Islamic world. Interesting types of mosques include early Abbasid mosques, T-shaped mosques, central Anatolian dome mosques. The early styles in Islamic architecture, the mosques with Arabic designs or columns, were created in the Umayyad dynasty. These mosques follow a square or rectangular plan with a closed courtyard and a roofed nave. Most of the early pillared mosques had flat roofs in the nave, which required a large number of pillars and supports. The Mezquita in Córdoba/Spain is built like a pillared mosque and relies on more than 850 pillars. Arabic design mosques continued until the Abbasid dynasty. The Ottomans introduced central dome mosques in the 15th century with a large dome in the center of the nave. Often, in addition to having a large dome in the center, there are also smaller domes outside the center, above the nave or throughout the areas of the mosque, in areas where prayers are not offered. The dome of the Dome of the Rock Mosque in Jerusalem is probably the best-known example of a central dome mosque. Ivani mosques are more notable for their domed halls and porches, which are vaulted spaces open on one side. [32]

6-4-5 Building materials: In Islamic buildings, as in the periods before the Islamic period, various materials have been used. In fact, new materials have not been discovered in the Islamic school, but some elements and materials have been worked on more.

6-4-5-1 Clay: The bricks used in architecture are generally square, which were made in clay workshops. In addition to being used in building the body of the building, clay also played an important role in decorating it, and from the beginning of Islam to the Timurid period, most of the buildings were decorated with clay. Also, baked clays and chatarash were also used. According to the research of the author and the team of specialists of Dar al-Aman Palace in the years 1395-1396, on 100 historical and ancient monuments in Afghanistan, including the Balahisar Citadel of Kabul, the Shahi Citadel of Jalalabad, the historical city of Bamyan, the historical city of Balkh and the Kunar Citadel of various types of square bricks. , rectangular and raw and cooked types have been used. Baked clays have different colors such as pale yellow, red and dark red, the reason for their color mostly depends on the soil of the construction site. For example, in Nangarhar city of Jalalabad, the soil is red and the clays are mostly red. The size and dimensions of bricks were 3x20x20, 20x5x20, and 25x5x5 cm, and they were used in different parts of the building, such as domes, minarets, and rooms.

6-4-5-2 Tiles: Tile work has evolved in different periods, but it began professionally in the Seljuk period and reached its peak during many centuries, especially in the Timurid and Safavid eras. Tiles played a major role in the decoration of buildings in the Islamic period and were used by tile artists in different ways. The use of one-color tiles, seven-color tiles, mosaic tiles, and the combination of clay and tiles in the Seljuk, Ilkhanid, Timurid, and Safavid periods in building decoration has been customary. A beautiful example of tiling can be seen in Herat Grand Mosque, which has the peak of beauty and art. The decoration of various parts of the building, from the cover of the gand and minaret to the inner surface of the building and under the dome, walls and altar with different tiles, especially mosaic tiles, has given a special beauty to religious and non-religious buildings, such as Herat Grand Mosque, Roza Sharif Mazar, Mosque Mirhazar, Kandahar, GoharShad Mosque, Mashhad.

6-4-5-3 Plaster(Building facade cladding) : Plaster is another building material that has been used in architecture in all periods. Since plaster is a cheap material and hardens quickly, it has many uses and has attracted the attention of architects. Plaster has been used to decorate the interior surfaces of buildings, write inscriptions, decorate altars, under domes and walls, etc. Many Heftalian, Seljuk and Ilkhani buildings are decorated with plaster. The importance of plastering in Islamic buildings was so great that the artists of this field were known as "jisas" and the names of many of these artists have been remembered in the inscriptions of the buildings. In addition, plaster artists in the 5th to 10th centuries of Hijri have used various methods such as colored plastering, patchwork plastering, solid and hollow plastering, mesh plastering and flat and raised plastering (such as the Nine Gonbad Mosque in Balkh, Roza Sharif Mosque in Mazar Herat Citadel, Soltanieh Dome in Zanjan. [33]

6-4-5-4 Stone: Stone has been used in buildings since the beginning of human existence. The most common use of stone was in foundations, foundations and foundations of buildings. In Afghanistan, due to its mountainous nature, stone has been used more and most of the buildings have been made of stone. Stones were used in columns and column heads, and stones were also used in decorative objects. In Bamiyan, large statues of Buddha are carved in the rocks of Baba Mountains, which shows the peak of Afghan art in stone carving thousands of years ago. Among the remaining works are a sports hall, a palace and a theater with a capacity of 5000 spectators. Because the people of ancient Balkh (Bactra) believed in Buddhism, they easily accepted the customs and philosophy of the Greeks, and as a result, from the Seleucid Empire, they took the city of Khanum without hindrance, which later turned into a prosperous and prosperous city. The engineering of the Kushan Empire was also influenced by Greek customs and created mixed buildings. In Sheberghan, there is a temple on a hill on the slope of which a staircase was built to commemorate their religion. This temple is about 55 meters long and 7 meters wide. His signs are still available in the area, later with the completion of human knowledge and stone cutting skills, all kinds of decorative stones have been used in buildings. [34]

6-4-5-5 Wood: The use of wood to make doors, windows, shrine boxes, columns and roof beams and frames is one of the characteristics of Islamic architecture.

6-4-5-6 Glass: Archaeological excavations of recent years as well as the remaining buildings from different Islamic periods show that colored glass in red, blue, purple and green colors was used to provide lighting and decorate doors, windows and frames. domes and naves have been used. Also, the study of historical texts and the observation of miniatures from the 6th to the 12th century of Hijra show that glass was widely used.

7- Conclusion

Due to its location on the Silk Road, Afghanistan is considered the gathering place of the world's great civilizations and one of the most important commercial centers of ancient times. In Islamic architecture, in addition to the indoor space, the outdoor space and the green space of the open space, i.e. the central courtyard, are of great importance. Also, in the architecture of this period, the ceiling is not designed like the floor, but the floor is inspired by the bed of nature, and the ceiling is designed by the inspiration of the infinite and galactic sky. It can be seen that the domes, roofs and windows with tiling, woodwork and glass show a beautiful image of the ascension of man to the kingdom and are a mirror of the purity of human nature.

In Islamic era architecture, spaces are graded based on their function: in cities, religious and cultural spaces are the heart, focal point, and outstanding symbol of the city, and other spatial elements are graded and positioned based on their function.

You can see the special architecture of Afghanistan in Nuristan, Balkh and its surroundings, the old city of Kabul, the stone houses of the Salangs and Herat, which are still intact and built according to its climate and natural and social environment. According to many evidences, the first city in the world is today's Balkh. The most famous scientists, artists and mystics have been from the current geography of Afghanistan, especially northern Afghanistan and the historical region of Balkh. Like Maulana Jalaluddin Balkhi, Abu Ali Sina, Khaghani and...

One of the remains of the Ghorian era in Afghanistan is the Jam minaret in Ghor province, which was built in the 12th century during the Ghorian dynasty, and it is believed that this minaret or victory tower represents the capital city of Firuzkoh. From the Ghorian dynasty. In 2002, the UNESCO World Heritage Center applied to register this minaret in the World Cultural Heritage List. You used geometric and mathematical symbols and designs to build religious and non-religious buildings. [35]

Calligraphy is the most prominent Islamic art, in Islamic lands, beautiful calligraphy was used not only in writing the Quran, but also in most arts. In calligraphy, Mir Ali Tabrizi Heravi (died: 850 AH/1447) has been introduced as the owner of the Nastaliq line, and Mir Ali Heravi (died: 951 AH/1544), nicknamed Sultani Books, is one of the forerunners of the Nastaliq line. And he is one of the great calligraphers of the 10th century AH whose handwriting has been unmatched in terms of adherence to principles, firmness and tenderness, purity and dignity. According to Ms. Galia Pogochinko's writings, the real industry of architecture starts from the time of the establishment of Bactria in the cities of Balkh, Talatpe and Ai Khanum.

The most important period of magnificent architecture in Afghanistan is the period of Western Greece. The architecture of the Greeks in Afghanistan began during the time of Alexander the Great and during the Seleucid period. This civilization continued for hundreds of years, the remains of which can generally be found in northern Afghanistan. In the building of Ai Khanum mansion in Takhar province, which was built during the Seleucid period, mostly raw and half-baked clay was used in the walls. The Western Greeks were inspired by the architectural wonders of Egypt, in the same way the Romans were inspired by the Greeks, and Sar-Afghanistan not only contains precious Greek works, but also Islamic and Byzantine historical monuments. All were built in the 20th century. The same ratio is also significant in Afghanistan. Considering the strong presence of Islam in the architecture and urban planning of Afghanistan, the result is that the architectural period of Afghanistan can be divided into two general periods before Islam and after Islam. [36]

Periods before Islam

Afghan architectural styles are divided into the following seven styles:

1. Balkh style 2. Western style 3. Kushan style

Periods after Islam

4. Khorasani style, 5. Timurid style, 6. Amani style, 7. Modern style.

The innovation of this article is that, for the first time in the world, Afghan architectural styles have been divided. The restoration of Afghanistan's historical buildings was started in 2014 by the author with the order of the president, and within 5 years, more than 100 famous and large historical buildings of Afghanistan were restored. The reconstruction of the historic palace of Dar al-Aman by the author in the years 2015 to 2017 and the design and construction of the Paghman presidential citadel in 2013 are examples of the basic works to restore Afghanistan to the excellent way of construction in the past. Unfortunately, there are not enough sources about Islamic architecture in Afghanistan and most of the text is the result of personal and close visits of Maaf during the years 1391 to 1396 of 30 provinces of Afghanistan.

*PhD in Architecture from University of Tehran, University professor in Afghanistan- https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2267-727X

*PhD in nternational Relations from University of Tehran, University professor in Afghanistan

Reference

[1] Rahmati, Mohib Allah; A discussion of the urban geography of Afghanistan, Kandahar city, Geography magazine, fifth issue, tenth year

[2] Amin, Hamidullah; A Commentary on the Agricultural Geography of Afghanistan, Kabul University Publications, 1352

[3] Ghbar, Mir Gholam Mohammad; Historical Geography of Afghanistan, Mayvand Publishing House, Peshawar, 2014.

[4] Rezaei, Khodadad (1389), Fundamentals of Art, Image and Propaganda, Mouad Islam, Qom, p. 151

[5] Ahmadi Maleki, Rahman (2004), "Forms and Symbolic Roles in Iranian Mosques", Art and Architecture of Mosques, by the efforts of the Secretariat of the Supreme Headquarters for Coordination and Supervision of Cultural and Artistic Centers of Mosques, Rasansh Publishing House, Tehran, pp. 135-136

[6] Arz, Gholam Jilani; Geography of Afghanistan's Provinces, Erick Publisher, Peshawar, 1379

[7] Atlas of Afghan villages, first volume, Kabul 1353 AH.

[8] Afghanistan, written by Louis Dupri, Oxford University Press, USA, 2002

[9] Amiri, Gholam Mohammad; Historical records of Sistan, Afghanistan Archeology Magazine, second issue, sixth year 1363, page 15

[10] Ariana Forum Encyclopaedia; Afghan Geographical Dictionary, Volume 4, Kabul, 1339

[11] Erfani, Gurban Ali; An overview of political-social developments in Bamyan, Information Institute Printing House, 1368.

[12] Hussaini, Sayed zia , Historical Mosques of Afghanistan, Urban Development of Afghanistan & Old Khorasan Publications, 2019 Kabul

[13]Ansari, Sultan Mohammad; Bandamir National Park, Balkh Scientific Journal, Balkh University Publications, Shemarhavel and Dom, 2013.

[14] Balkhari Qahi, Hassan (1388), The Mystical Foundations of Islamic Art and Architecture, Surah Mehr, Tehran, page 385

[15] Pope, A. Iranian Architecture, translated by Gholamhossein Hamdari Afshar, second edition, Tehran, Farhangan Publishing House, 1998.

[16] History of Afghanistan, Ahmad Ali Kohzad, Kabul.

[17] A brief history of Afghanistan, Allameh Pohand Abdulhi Habibi, Kabul 1377 AH.

[18] History and historical geography of Silk Road" (3 volumes). Written by Mohammad Abdoli and Razia Gerkani, Jamal Honar Publications, Tehran, 2011.

[19] Geography of the Provinces of Afghanistan, Professor Gholam Jilani Arad, Kabul, 1379.

[20] The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), Afghanistan

[21] Hussaini, Sayed zia , Paghman Historical Palace, Urban Development of Afghanistan &Old Khorasan Publications 2019 Kabul

[22] Hassanyar, Seyyed Amirshah; Punjab, Geography magazine, first issue, 12th year, 1352

[23] Hussaini, Sayed zia , methods of historical reconstruction - Dar al-Aman Palace - Ministry of Urban Development of Afghanistan &Old Khorasan Publishing House 2017 Kabul

[24] Hussaini, Sayed zia , Afghan Architectural Stylistics, Urban Development of Afghanistan &Old Khorasan Publications, 1402, Kabul

[25] Hussaini, Sayed zia, Strategic management of projects (the role of factors and strategic planning in the success of projects), Master's thesis of project management and construction, University of Tehran, 2019.

[26] Cambridge University, History of Iran during the Safavid period, translated by Yaqub Azhand, Tehran: Jami, 2010.

[27] Encyclopaedia of Rushd, Timur Lang - Encyclopaedia of Rushd, Moinuddin Shahrokh Timuri

[28] Rottsbach, Erwin; Urban geography in Afghanistan, translated by Seyyed Mohsen Mohsenian, Astan Quds Razavi Publishing House,

[29] Hussaini, Sayed zia , An introduction to the history of architecture and urban planning in Afghanistan, Urban Development of Afghanistan 2012, Kabul

[30] Hussaini, Sayed zia , Afghan Architectural Stylistics, Urban Development of Afghanistan &Old Khorasan Publications, 1402, Kabul

[31] Daulatabadi, Basir Ahmad; Birth certificate of Afghanistan, Irfan publication, second edition, year 2012

[32] Historical Guide to Afghanistan, Nancy Hatch Dupree

[33] The hidden treasure of Afghanistan from the National Museum of Kabul, written by Frederick Hibbert, Wiper Gammon, National Geographic Publications

[34] Wilber, Donald Newton, Islamic Architecture of Iran in the Ilkhanate Period, translated by Abdullah Faryar, Chajap II, Terhan, Scientific and Cultural Publications, Ch2, 1365​

[35] Kohzad, Ahmad Ali, Guide to Bamyan, Afghan History Association, Kabul Public Press, 1334.

[36] Hussaini, Sayed zia , Afghan Architectural Stylistics, Urban Development of Afghanistan &Old Khorasan Publications, 1402, Kabul

Other Reference

· Reza, Inayatullah. "Iran and the Turks during the Sasanian era". Scientific and Cultural Publications, Tehran, 1365.

· Ranjbar Ahmad Greater Khorasan (a discussion about several cities of Greater Khorasan). Tehran: Tamir Kabir Publications. 1363 46. Decisive proof

· Zarin Koob, Abdul Hossein (1387), Karnameh Islam, Amir Kabir, Tehran, p. 148

· nebula; Abbas, General and Photographic Atlas of Afghanistan, Sahab Institute of Geography and Cartography, Chapsum, 2014

· Seifian, Mohammad Kazem, (1377) The harmless rule and its observance in the principles of Islamic architecture and urban planning, Fine Arts Quarterly, No. 3: 37

· Shaberghan in the last hundred years, written by Professor Mohammad Omar Alim Bayat, published by Farhad Computer Press in Mazar-e-Sharif, 2016

· Zahir al-Din Muhammad Babar, Bairnamah, translated by Khan Khanan Bairam Khan, Bija, Malik Al Kitab, 1380, p. 81

· Aliabadi, Mohammad, (1385) A series of discussions on the wisdom of Islamic art, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, University of Science and Technology.

· Gulabchi, Mahmoud and Hussaini, Sayed zia , Basics of Project and Construction Management, Tehran University Press, 2019.

· The Golden Treasure of the West written by Viktor Sarianidyev, Aurora Publishing House, Moscow

· Latifi, Abdul Baghi; Afghanistan and an overview of the various situations and issues and the general conditions of the mentioned country, Kabul Public Press, year 1326, p. 92

· Mohammad Osman, Sedqi; Ariana Cities, Beyhaqi Publications, Kabul, 1354, page 98 and 99

· Center for Cultural Studies of the Middle East in Tokyo (3831), Urbanism in Islam, translator Mehdi Afshar, Bureau of Cultural Studies in collaboration with Tamad Naha Dialogue Center. Tehran.

· Mashkouti, Nusratullah, Historical Monuments and Ancient Places of Iran, Tehran, National Organization for the Protection of Antiquities of Iran.

· Monsieur Godard and Madame Godard, Professor Hawken, Bamiyan Antiquities in Hazarstan, translated by Ahmad Alikhan, Ismailian Publications, Qom, first edition, 1372.

· Niall, Hossein; The Natural Structure of Hazara Jats, Selsal Publications, 1381

· Najiboglu, Gol-Ro (1379), Geometry and Decoration in Islamic Architecture (Tomar Topqapi), translated by Mehrdad Qayyomi Bid Handi, Rozeneh, Tehran, page 261

· Hanfar, Lotfollah, Treasure of Isfahan Historical Works, 2nd edition, Isfahan Thaghafi Bookstore, 1350

· Hog, J. and others, the stylistics of architectural art, translated by Parviz and Rajavand, second edition, Tehran, Scientific and Cultural Publications 2015