Artificial Testis, Current Research and Future Direc-tion

In recent decades, epidemiological studies have shown an in-crease in the prevalence of disorders in both female and male reproductive system, which can lead to sexual dysfunction, sub-fertility or infertility. In the field of male infertility, although intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) using frozen sperms has revolutionized infertility treatment, but it is not applicable for the patients who undergo some invasive treatment like as chemotherapy before puberty since spermatogenesis has not be-gun, or those with idiopathic non obstructive azoospermia, and those with Klinefelter syndrome (KS).Reproductive Tissue Engineering (REPROTEN) is new branch of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. The goal of this new scientific approach is to apply tissue engineering strat-egies to restore fertility and/or improve the quality of life of patients affected by reproductive dysfunction through creation, replacement or regeneration of cells, tissues or organs of the reproductive system. The largest area of interest to emerge in the field of REPROTEN has been fertility restoration in male patients.Testis as a banking of progenitor cells for producing mature gamete cells, have elaborate communication network between several cell types. For this reason REPROTEN in the male is not as easy as other organs.Some strategies around regenerative of testis include: cell ther-apy into clinical male infertility treatment, use of three-dimen-sional (3D) culture systems thorough demonstrated different scaffolds materials like fibrin, alginate, human serum albumin, poly (vinyl alcohol), and collagen etc., Decellularization of hu-man testis tissues and extracellular matrix extraction, producing male gamete cells by differentiation of other cell source like as primordial germ cells, apply coculture method for stimulating testicular cells to produce in vitro haploid cell. In conclusion, REPROTEN of testis is progressing, and is a promising area of research if achieved, will be a revolution in the field of male infertility treatment.