Marcelo Borges Cavalcante - Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Fortaleza, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil
Fabrício DA Silva Costa - Department of Perinatal Medicine, Pregnancy Research Centre, University of Melbourne, The Royal Women’s Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. . Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Pregnancy Research Centre, University of Melbourne, The Royal Wom
Ricardo Barini - Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, State University of Campinas, Campinas-SP, Brazil
Edward Araujo Júnior - Department of Obstetrics,Paulista School of Medicine, São Paulo Federal University, São Paulo-SP, Brazil

Background: Recently, the use of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) has been proposed to improve pregnancy outcomes in reproductive medicine. Objective: A systematic review of the current use of G-CSF in patients who have difficulty conceiving and maintaining pregnancy was performed. Materials and Methods: Two electronic databases (PubMed/ Medline and Scopus) were searched. Study selection, data extraction and quality assessment were performed in duplicate. The subject codes used were granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, G-CSF, recurrent miscarriage, IVF failure, and endometrium. Results: The search of electronic databases resulted in 215 citations (PubMed/ Medline: 139 and Scopus: 76), of which 38 were present in both databases. Of the remaining 177 publications, seven studies were included in the present review. Conclusion: Treatment with G-CSF is a novel proposal for immune therapy in patients with recurrent miscarriage and implantation failure following cycles of IVF. However, a larger number of well-designed studies are required for this treatment to be established

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, Immunotherapy, Recurrent miscarriage, Reproductive medicine, Review