Seyyed Amireza Abdollahi - Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
Mohammad Amin Rahimi Jafari - Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
Ehsan Gholamian - Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
Seyyed Faramarz Ranjbar - Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran

Nowadays, the cooling of energy storage sources such as lithium-ion batteries is significant. These types of batteries are used in many systems, including electric vehicles. Keeping the temperature of the batteries in the proper range can increase the battery's life as much as possible. In the current research, a rectangular arrangement with one inlet and one outlet on the opposite side has been used to improve the cooling operation of lithium-ion batteries. In order to achieve the maximum amount of system cooling, SiO۲- Al۲O۳ -water hybrid nanofluid was used. The mass fraction of each nanoparticle varied between ۰ and ۱۰%. A two-variable design of experiment was carried out, and the effect of SiO۲ and Al۲O۳ nanoparticle mass fraction variables on the average final temperature of the battery body was investigated. Finally, an optimization operation was also performed on the input variables. It was observed that Al۲O۳ nanoparticle plays the most crucial role in temperature changes. The changes in this nanoparticle led to a decrease in the temperature of the batteries by ۹ Kelvin.

Hybrid nanofluids, Energy storage systems, li-ion battery cooling, Thermal management, Computational fluid dynamics