Ebrahim Mamnoie - Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
Ebrahim Izadi Darbandi - Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
Mehdi Rastgoo - Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
Mohammad Ali Baghestani - Research Department of Weed Science, Iranian Plant Protection Research Institute, Tehran, Iran.
Mohamad Hasanzade Khayyat - Faculty of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.

Three dose-response experiments were conducted separately to study the effect of several adjuvants on nicosulfuron efficacy for controlling Amaranthus retroflexus L., Chenopodium album L. and Echinochloa crus-galli L. The experiments were arranged in a completely randomized block design with a factorial arrangement of the treatments and four replications. The treatments consisted of six doses of nicosulfuron at ۰ (control), ۵, ۱۰, ۲۰, ۴۰, and ۸۰ g a.i.ha-۱ of the recommended dose with and without the adjuvants of cotton oil, rocket oil, soybean oil, maize oil, Adigor®, Volck®, HydroMax™ at ۰.۵% (v/v), Cytogate, Trend® ۹۰, and D-octil® at ۰.۲ % (V/V). The efficacy of nicosulfuron in control of A. retroflexus, C. album, and E. crus-galli increased significantly when the adjuvants were used. HydroMax™ and Trend® ۹۰ were the best adjuvants, considering enhanced nicosulfuron efficacy for controlling C. album, E. crus-galli, and A. retroflexus. In the presence of HydroMax™ nicosulfuron efficacy was raised by a factor of ۴.۰۲, ۳.۴۵, and ۱.۶۵-fold for controlling A. retroflexus, E. crus-galli, and C. album, respectively. In general, the efficacy of nicosulfuron to control A. retroflexus and E. crus-galli was higher than C. album.

dose-response, herbicide, surfactant, vegetable oil