Hajar Hajian - Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
Mitra Motallebi - Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
Mohammad Esmaeil Shahaboddin - Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVESMultiple factors such as lifestyle, varicocele, hypogonadism, genetic defects, and urogenital tract infections (UTI) are important causes of male infertility. An imbalance in urinary microbiota may cause an overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria and damage various parts of the genital tract, leading to impaired spermatogenesis and male infertility. The treatment of urogenital tract infections are crucial. Previous studies have shown that probiotics can be applied for the treatment of male infertility problems. In this review discusses current research investigating the effects of some bacteria such as Escherichia coli (E. coli ), Bacteroides ureolyticus (B. ureolyticus), Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis) on urogenital tract and sperm parameters.MATERIALS AND METHODSTo collect data from various sources, we conducted an electronic search of the literature using PubMed, Web of Science, Scopous, and Google Scholar.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONE. coli, a gram-negative bacterium, can inhabit the male genital tract and has been associated with infections of the male accessory glands. This bacterium can cause necrotic changes in the Seroli cells and initiate cell death pathways in the seminiferous tubules, which can result in impaired spermatogenesis. B. ureolyticus is a gram-negative microorganism that can penetrate the male reproductive system. This is associated with a significantly higher prevalence of three distinct semen abnormalities: (۱) reduction in total fructose, (۲) increase in short-tailed spermatozoa, and (۳) increase in epithelial cell count. C. trachomatis has been identified in the male genitourinary tract. C. trachomatis could harm sperm indirectly by producing inflammatory mediators like cytokines and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that C. trachomatis infection can cause anti-sperm antibody (ASA) production in both male and female patients.CONCLUSIONVarious bacterial species can colonize distinct areas of the male genital tract, resulting in adverse effects on spermatogenesis and a decline in the quality of sperm.

Urogenital tract infection, Male infertility, Sperm parameters