Evaluation of risk factors and prevalence for acute kidney injury in trauma patients

Background and aim: Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is one of organ failure which is the third leading cause of death after brain injury and bleeding. AKI is a subgroup of conditions summarized as acute kidney disorder and diseases (AKD), in which persistent kidney dysfunction or slow deterioration of kidney function is associated with an irreversible loss of nephrons and kidney cells, which can lead to chronic kidney disease (CKD). This study aimed to consider risk factors and prevalence and the impact of AKI on outcome after trauma.Materials and method: For this study focus on reports, clinical studies, and original research articles were applied. Besides searches were performed in Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus to find all original articles related to our topic were searched between ۲۰۰۵ to January ۲۰۲۱. The online search was done using a combination of the following Key words: acute kidney injury (AKI), chronic kidney disease (CKD), renal replacement therapy, trauma, and mortality. We excluded letters to editorial and studies that did not describe risk factors of acute kidney injury in trauma patients after screening.Results: Risk factors for AKI include environmental, socioeconomic, and/or cultural factors, as well as factors related to the process of care, acute exposures, and patients themselves. Environmental factors for AKI include wastewater systems, inadequate drinking, insufficient control of infectious diseases, and insufficient health care system. Severe trauma triggers initial AKI risk factors including traumatic inflammation, hemorrhage, rhabdomyolysis, and leads to second hits due to infections or emergency surgery that may cause additional renal disorders ultimately in renal function impairment. In middle-income and low-income countries, hypovolaemic shock and infections are major causes of AKI. Infection and trauma-related AKI and AKD are frequent in all regions.Conclusion: AKI has a poor prognosis in critical patients and is associated with mortality in trauma patients. Long-term consequences of AKD and AKI include cardiovascular morbidity and CKD. Hence, early detection and prevention of AKI are necessary.

کلیدواژه ها:

acute kidney injury (AKI) ، chronic kidney disease (CKD) ، trauma ، mortality ، renal replacement therapy