Khadijeh Ahmadi - Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
Zahra Gharibi - Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
Parivash Davoodian - Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
Hamed Gouklani - Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
Mehdi Hassaniazad - Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
Nahid Ahmadi - Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Smoking is a well-known major risk factor for respiratory tract and other systemic infections. The World Health Organization estimates that between ۲۰۰۰ and ۲۰۲۵, about ۹% of deaths will be caused by tobacco use, and more than half of all smokers die from smoking-related diseases. Smoking can damage almost all organs of the human body and is a major risk factor for respiratory infections and other infectious diseases. Smoking can increase the risk of respiratory infections through various mechanisms, which include changes in the structural, functional, and immune defenses of the host. Smoking is one of the most serious public health problems in the world. Promoting smoking cessation is the most practical and economical preventive measure to reduce the severity of tobacco-related infections. In this study, we investigated the role of smoking in increasing the risk of bacterial, fungal, viral, and parasitic infections. We also evaluated various mechanisms by which smoking increases the risk of tobacco-related infections.