Fatemeh shahabizadeh - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
Sed Abdolmajid Bahraionian - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
Shirin Shahriyari - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran

Background and Objectives: The child’s perceived attachment to parents plays an important role in the establishment of attachment to God. Given the importance of the father’s role in forming the child’s attachment system, the present study aimed to investigate the role of fathers in the daily spiritual experiences of high school students in Zabol, Iran, based on the attachment theory. Methods: This retrospective comparative study was conducted on ۱۰۰ students with father and ۵۰ fatherless students with the mean age of ۱۵.۸۸ years, selected from two male and female Shahed high schools in Zabol, Iran. The fatherless volunteers were selected by referring to each class. The sampling of the students with fathers was also performed by matching them with the fatherless students using convenience sampling method. The data were collected using the Daily Spiritual Experience Scale, which measures the three factors of God's presence, connection with God, and sense of responsibility towards others. Data analysis was performed in SPSS (version ۲۰) using MANOVA and independent t-test. Results: The results revealed a significant difference between the two groups of students in terms of feeling God's presence (t=-۲.۳۶, P=۰.۰۲). However, there was no significant difference between the two groups regarding the connection with God (P=۰.۵۲) and sense of responsibility towards others (P=۰.۴۶). In addition, the examination of the interactive effects of group and gender demonstrated a significant difference only in boys (P=۰.۰۴). Conclusion: The findings indicated the importance of childhood attachment to father in explaining the sense of God's presence. Consequently, the reconstruction of the psychological models of God facilitates the basis of safety (the function of attachment to God) to deal with problems.  

Spiritual Experiences, Adolescence, Father, Student, Attachment Theory.