Effect of Consuming Wheat Germ on Lipid Profile

diseases and emphasis on using nondrug treatments, this study was performed to assess the effect of wheat germ on lipid profile reduction among hyperlipidemia and normolipidomia students. Materials and Methods: ۱۰۸ volunteer students in the age range of ۲۱.۳۳±۲.۱۵ years old (۷۴ normolipidemics, ۳۴ hyperlipidemics) were entered to the study. In addition to their typical diet, these students were asked to take a ۳۰- gram wheat germ in their daily diet for ۴ weeks. Hyperlipidemia and normolipidomia participants were determined based on National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel ۳ (NCEPATP۳) guidelines. Anthropometric and metabolic measurements, calorie and mineral intakes, before and after the intervention were taken and analyzed using paired t-test (SPSS version ۱۹). Results: In the wheat germ group, total cholesterol, triglycerides and VLDL (p=۰.۰۰۱) significantly reduced to ۱۰.۵, ۱۹ and ۲۰%, respectively. Also parameters of HDL-C/TC (p=۰.۰۰۴) and systolic blood pressure (p=۰.۰۴۶) significantly increased (in both groups) and decreased (in hyper lipidemic group), respectively. In addition, total cholesterol level decreased significantly (p=۰.۰۰۳) in normolipidemic students. There was no statistically significant change in other parameters. Conclusion: Due to significant decrease in triglycerides in hyperlipidemic group and total cholesterol levels in both groups, consumption of wheat germ, as a nondrug treatment, for prevention of cardiovascular diseases and dyslipidemia is suggested. References ۱- Nasir A, Shah H. Assessment of cardiovascular disease risk factors among school children in private schools in Karachi, Pakistan: A pilot study. J Obes Wt Loss Ther. ۲۰۱۲ ۲: ۱-۴. ۲- Namazi MH, Mohagheghi A, Ostevaneh MR. Prevention of cardiovascular diseases in developing countries. Arch Iran Med. ۲۰۱۲ ۱۵: ۵۲۸-۵۳۰. ۳- Sun S, Xu H, Ngeh L. The evaluation of Chinese therapeutic food for the treatment of moderate dyslipidemia. Evidance-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. ۲۰۱۲ ۱۰: ۵۰۸-۶۸۳. ۴- Johansen ME, Green LA, Sen A, Kircher S, Richardson CR. Cardiovascular risk and statin use in the United States. Ann Fam Med. ۲۰۱۴ ۱۲: ۲۱۵-۲۲۳. ۵- Caldwell B, Esselstyn GR, Golubic M. The nutritional reversal of cardiovascular disease –fact or fiction, three case report. Exp Clin Cardiol. ۲۰۱۴ ۲۰ ۱۹۰۲-۸. ۶- Kelly RB. Diet and exercise in the management of hyperlipidemia. Am Fam Physician. ۲۰۱۰ ۸۱: ۱۰۹۷-۱۱۰۲. ۷- Haripriya S, Premakumari S. Beta sistosterol of wheat germ reduces blood glucose in humans. J Life Sci. ۲۰۱۲ ۲: ۸۷-۹۲. ۸- Majzoobi M, Farhoodi S, Farahnaky A,Taghipour MJ. Properties of dough and flat bread containing wheat germ. J Agr Sci Tech. ۲۰۱۲ ۱۴: ۱۰۵۳-۶۵. ۹- Sahar R. Utilization of defatted wheat germ flour as nutrient supplement of biscuits. J Agri Res. ۲۰۱۲ ۳۸: ۲۳۸-۵۲. ۱۰- Rezq AA, Mahmoud MY. Preventive effect of wheat germ on hypercholesteremic and atherosclerosis in rats fed cholesterol-containing diet. Pak J Nutr. ۲۰۱۱ ۱۰: ۴۲۴-۳۲. ۱۱- Alessandri C, Pignatelli P, Loffredo L, et al. Alpha linolenic acid rich wheat germ oil decreases oxidative stress and CD۴۰ ligand in patiens whit mild hypercholesterolemia. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis and vascular biology. ۲۰۰۶ ۲۶: ۲۵۷۷-۲۵۷۸. ۱۲- Nounou HA, Deif MM, Shalaby MA. Effect of flaxseed supplementation and exercise training on lipid profile, oxidative stress and inflammation in rats with mycocardial ischemia. Lipids Health Dis. ۲۰۱۲ ۱۱: ۱۲۹. ۱۳- Ammar ASM. Effect of wheat germ addition on physicochemical and antioxidant properties of data syrup. Int J Food Sci Technol. ۲۰۱۲ ۷: ۴۸۶-۹۷. ۱۴- Zhu KX, Zhou HM, Qian HF. Proteins extracted from defatted wheat germ: nutritional and structural properties. Cereal chemistry J. ۲۰۱۲ ۸۳: ۶۹-۷۵. ۱۵- lin X, Racette SB, Lefevre M, et al. Combined effect of enzetimibe and phytosterols on cholesterol metabolism: a randomazmized control feeding study in humans. Circulation. ۲۰۱۲ ۱۲۴: ۵۹۶-۶۰۱. ۱۶- Racette SB, nLina X, Leferve A, et al. Dose effect of dietary phytosterols on cholesterol metabolism :a control feeding study. J Clin Nutr. ۲۰۱۰ ۹۱: ۳۲-۳۸. ۱۷- Haripriya S, Prmakumaria S. Beta sistosterol of wheat germ reduceds blood glucose in human. J Life Sci. ۲۰۱۰ ۲: ۸۷-۹۲. ۱۸- Kan A. Chemical and elemental characterization of wheat germ oil (triticum spp.l.) cultivated in Turkey. Afr J Agric Res. ۲۰۱۲ ۷: ۴۹۷۹-۴۹۸۲. ۱۹- Mueller T, Voigt W. Fermented wheat germ extera nutritional supplement or anticancer drug? Nutr J. ۲۰۱۱ ۱۰: ۱۱۴-۱۲۹. ۲۰- Judson PL, Sawah EA, Marchion M, et al. Characterizing the efficacy of fermented wheat germ extra against ovarian cancer and defining the genomic basis of its activity. Int J Gynecol Cancer. ۲۰۱۲ ۲۲: ۹۶۰-۶۷. ۲۱- Zakeri HR, Ataie Jafari A, Rajabi M, Hosseini S. Effect of wheat germ on a population of hyperlipidemic patients. Nutr Food Sci. ۲۰۰۹ ۳۹: ۲۴-۲۸. ۲۲- Cara l, Armand M, Borel P, et al. Long-term wheat germ intake beneficially affects plasma lipids and lipoproteins in hypercholesterolemic human subjects. J Nutr. ۱۹۹۲ ۱۲۲: ۳۱۷-۲۶. ۲۳- Saltzman E, Das SK, Lichtenstein AH, et al. An oat-containing hypocaloric diet reduces systolic blood pressure and improves lipid profile beyond effects of weight loss in men and women. J Nutr. ۲۰۰۱ ۱۳۱: ۱۴۶۵-۷۰. ۲۴- Ghahramani M, Mokhtarian H, Kianmehr M, Sarshar N, Yaghobi Avval Riabi M. Effect of consuming regular egg on serum lipid profile. Ofogh-e-Danesh. ۲۰۰۹ ۱۵: ۲۱-۲۶. ۲۵- Sarshar N, Ghahramani M, Mokhtarian H, et al. The study of serum lipid profile in adults in gonabad city in ۲۰۰۸. Ofogh-e-Danesh. ۲۰۰۹ ۱۵: ۵۷-۶۲. ۲۶- Lin Y, Rudrum M, Wielen RPJ, et al. Wheat germ policosanol failed to lower plasma cholesterol in subjects with normal to mildly elevated cholesterol concentrations. Metabolism. ۲۰۰۴ ۵۳: ۱۳۰۹-۱۴. ۲۷- Cara L, Borel P, Armand M, et al. Plasma lipid lowering effects of wheat germ in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Plant Foods Hum Nutr. ۱۹۹۱ ۴۱: ۱۳۵-۱۵۰. ۲۸- Borel P, Lairon D, Senft M, Chautan M, Lafont H. Wheat bran and wheat germ: effect on digestion and intestinal absorption of dietary lipids in the rat. Am J Clin Nutr. ۱۹۸۹ ۴۹: ۱۱۹۲-۲۰۲. ۲۹- Cara L, Dubois C, Borel P, et al. Effects of oat bran, rice bran, wheat fiber, and wheat germ on postprandial lipemia in healthy adults. Am J Clin Nutr. ۱۹۹۲ ۵۵: ۸۱-۸۸. ۳۰- Megahed MG. Study on stability of wheat germ oil and lipase activity of wheat germ during periodical storage. Agric Biol J N Am. ۲۰۱۲ ۲: ۱۶۳-۶۸. ۳۱- Maragoni F, Poli A. Phytosterols and cardiovascular health. Pharmacol Res. ۲۰۱۰ ۶۱: ۱۹۳-۱۹۹. ۳۲- Micallef MA, Garg ML. Beyond blood lipids: phytosterols, statins, and omega-۳ polyunsaturated fatty acid therapy for hyperlipidemia. J Nutr Biochem. ۲۰۰۹ ۲۰: ۹۲۷-۹۳۹. ۳۳- Rajabi M, Mehran SH, Zakeri HR, Kalilian AR, Taleban A. The effect of wheat germ on lipid profile of hyperlipidemic patients. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci. ۲۰۰۴ ۱۴: ۱۳-۲۲. ۳۴- Atallahi M, Amiraliakbari S, Mojab F, Alavimajd H. Effects of wheat germ exteract on the severity and systemic symptom of primary dysmenorrhea: A randomized controlled clinical trail. Iran Red Crescent Med J. ۲۰۱۴ ۱۶: ۱۹۳-۹۵. ۳۵- Cuatrecases P, Tell GPE. Insulin-like activity of concanavalin a and wheat germ agglutinin-direct interactions whit insulin receptors. Proc Nat Acad Sci. ۱۹۷۳ ۷۰: ۴۸۵-۸۹.

کلیدواژه ها:

Key words: Wheat germ ، Profile lipid ، Hyperlipidemia ، NCEPATP۳