Review on the main types of eukaryotic and prokaryotic promoters and a glimpse of promoter engineering

One of the most important components of a transcription system is the promoter. They are sites for RNA polymerase acceptance and then provoke initiate of transcription. promoters determine speed of RNA synthesis; therefore, the amount of produced protein is largely due to the nature of the promoter. Generally, there are several types of promoters according to different types of species and gene expression levels include of constitutive promoters, inducible promoters, tissue specific promoters and bidirectional promoters that each one has its own details. Also promoters have the central role to design the novel and distinct expression systems in order to alter gene expression level through creating appropriate expression vectors. Undoubtedly knowing about detailed features and function of different types of promoters can help to choose convenient promoter for specific biological aims such as manufacture of pharmaceutical drugs and antibiotics. In this review we discuss properties of diverse eukaryotic and prokaryotic promoters in terms of function and structural details to provide comprehensive information about them. Also we aim to describe how engineered promoters are synthesized by enumerating several common techniques with review on synthetic promoters features and their importance in producing desirable biological products.

کلیدواژه ها:

RNA polymerase ، Constitutive promoters ، Inducible promoters ، Tissue specific promoters ، Bidirectional promoters ، Synthetic promoters ، Eukaryotes ، Prokaryotes